Peacekeeping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Peacekeeping - Essay Example Numerous nations, including the United States and others have played a part in peacekeeping missions. The United Nations would be the directing power for such peacekeeping missions with an end goal to cultivate fair harmony around the world. Operational law ought to be the administering power behind Peacekeeping Operations. One significant part of peacekeeping activities would get an explained meaning of the particular peacekeeping crucial. A Peacekeeping Operation can frequently be portrayed as any one-sided or multilateral mediation into the common issues of a remote nation intended to give a progressively secure and stable climate, bolster established procedures, give insurance to residents and encourage repatriation forms for evacuees. Peacekeeping tasks likewise encourage the limit toward supporting temporary or break governments and making way for appearance of worldwide powers. In this paper the primary area manages the different sorts of peacekeeping missions, the subsequent segment characterizes the term 'peacekeeping' and third segment would determine the nature, cause and significance of nearby information to the achievement of peacekeeping tasks followed by an end where the whole point is summarized. There in certainty would be a few various types of Peacekeeping Operati... Current peacekeeping missions incorporate UNTSO in the Middle East, UNDOF in Golan Heights, UNIFIL in Lebanon, which are all in the Middle East. UNFICYP is in Cyprus, UNOMIG is in Georgia and UNMIK is in Kosovo and are viewed as European tasks. UNMOGIP is in India-Pakistan, and MINUSTAH is in Haiti. All these are current peacekeeping tasks. The finished missions of peacekeeping tasks are as per the following. UNTAET from East Timor, UNIKOM from Iraq-Kuwait, UNMOP from Croatia, UNMIBH from Bosnia Herzegovina. This data was found on the Bureau of International Organization Affairs site and refreshed starting at 2006. Inside every one of these missions a structure of activities would have been either freely or carefully clung to. It would be the adjustment of these structures that would be of most extreme significance. The systems consider a further and better comprehension of the territory engaged with the peacekeeping crucial. Exploration is done to guarantee that the structure would contain enough limit with respect to maintaining the whole peacekeeping strategic. Sorenson and Wood (2004) in The Politics of Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era written in 2004 composed that when scrutinizing the extent of a specific peacekeeping crucial, with respect to the plausibility for continuation of the peacekeeping strategic be thought of. Extension and length have become an issue in peacekeeping missions thus (Sorenson and Wood, 2004: 129). This is the place thought for the on-screen characters in the dynamic procedure for peacekeeping tasks would become all-good. Legislators in the midst of other government authorities would frequently have something to do with attainability of peacekeeping missions alongside length and the quantity of powers to be remembered for the mission.

The Rotten Apple Essay -- Self Identity Stereotypes Stereotyping Essay

The Rotten Apple My mother has consistently let me know, In case you're ever going to go anyplace throughout everyday life, you need to establish great first connections!. I'll save you the insights concerning the damnation gaps I'd live in and the impasse occupations portrayed by my mother on the off chance that I did something else. Not many individuals would think this is a serious deal. That is to say, establishing a decent first connection would one say one is of the main things guardians ought to be advising their children to do right? I, be that as it may, get the talk a great deal when I was a child. Hell, my mother called me the previous evening to give me my fix. I am by all accounts incapable to establish any kind of good connection with heaps of individuals. This is particularly evident with educators. You had no clue the agony I experienced attempting to search for an instructor who loved me to compose my suggestion. I'm not griping however. I put forth no attempt in attempting to leave a decent initial introduction, nor do I ever think about the early introduction somebody leaves in the wake of meeting me. What is an initial introduction in any case? It is most likely the judgment an individual makes on another dependent on the manner in which the person talks and acts in the main gathering. In any case, in a ton of cases, early introductions are made dependent on the generalizations, particularly racial ones, that individual fit in. Stunning, you should be truly shrewd.. For the vast majority, this is generally implied as a commendation. What's more, I would accept that remark as a commendation, on the off chance that I had, for instance, indicated whoever said it the confirmation to a convoluted math issue. However, when given the remark the first occasion when I meet somebody, it implies something totally extraordinary to me. It implies they neglected to state since you're Chinese. Goodness, quit griping! You're in a decent generalization! is the general reaction I get when I talk about this with my companions or individuals as a rule. That’s about when we would... ...relates to a generalization, he is losing a piece of his self to the majority. He at that point will in general act or act as needs be, founded on what the generalization requests of him. He asks himself, â€Å"What am I expected to do?† instead of â€Å"What would I like to do?†. That â€Å"want†, I believe, is the one answer of how to decimate the idea of generalization. In any case, I think that its unexpected that, in a nation found on the safeguarding of singularity and correspondence, there can be such issues related with generalizing and twofold principles. Maybe, as a nation, we are dismissing the significance and persona of the person. Maybe we are getting excessively lethargic and indifferent to see each other for the human that we are, and not simply some dubious speculation. I am not a geek, Americanized Chinese foreigner, Weezer-neurotic, revolting adolescent, overachiever, or crazed avid supporter. I am Wang.

The Most They Ever Had Book Review

Cory W. Smith Mrs. Huskinsson English 101 18 November 2012 Book Review: The Most They Ever Had The Most They Ever Had is an account of affliction, difficult work, and penance. It is a coordinated effort of meetings directed on the material laborers of the Profile cotton plant in Jacksonville, Alabama. The writer of the book, Rick Bragg, incorporates the tales of these individuals since he is one of them. He was brought up in Jacksonville, Alabama. His more established sibling, Sam, worked at the plant. Bragg composed this account of his kin since it was a story that should have been heard.The Most They Ever Had tells the basic existences of the men that simply needed to get by to help a family and endure this life to get to the following. The title is so fitting since they lived such basic lives that the plant coming to town implied endurance. It implied having a fairly steady activity and the capacity to purchase a house and put nourishment on the table. It was, truth be told, the m ost they at any point had. The activity accompanied a cost, in any case. The laborers paid for their methods for endurance with their wellbeing. They worked unventilated rooms immersed with lint.The consistent inward breath of these moment particles in the end made harm the laborers lungs causing an ailment called â€Å"brown lung. † Because the activity was so looked for after, the laborers could lose their employment for the littlest setbacks, in any event, missing one day of work because of sickness. The laborers could be debilitated as canines, yet they would at present check in a put in their every day hours. Their every day battles can show the perusers a lessonâ€to never underestimate things throughout everyday life. These laborers work resolutely throughout each and every day just to put a rooftop over their family’s head and nourishment on the table.They worked in horrible conditions, yet they seldom whined on the grounds that they acknowledged what they ha d. That, I accept, is a fundamental reason behind this book. Not exclusively to recount to the perusers the narratives of these genuine American legends, yet additionally to show them this significant exercise. The Profile cotton factory opened its entryways in Jacksonville, Alabama in 1905 and stayed open until 2001 when it shut down all of a sudden and left the laborers despite everything attempting to take care of home loans with no benefits. Bragg recounts to the accounts of the mountain individuals from this area simply attempting to get by check to check. He bits of knowledge us on the dictator factory proprietors and managers.He additionally illuminates us regarding the disasters the laborers persevered through like Charlie Hardy’s story of how he, â€Å"one of the best entryway patio guitar pickers,† lost his â€Å"picking arm† to a machine in the plant and needed to surrender his ability. Or on the other hand the sad story of Leon Spears, the multi year elderly person that started working at the plant when he was seventeen that needs to convey an oxygen tank close by as a result of the harm done to his lungs by the cotton filled quality of the plant. Bragg clarifies how the degenerate supervisors would fault the workers’ upset breathing on aftereffects and lethargy as opposed to lacking working conditions.Still, in any case, the laborers would show up for quite a while in light of the fact that they realized that the factory gave them a methods for endurance. The laborers of the plant never surrendered trust, however, that things would show signs of improvement, and, in the end, they did. After some time conditions improved. Profile plant laborers, in time, earned â€Å"one of the best manual checks in the lower regions. † The book is instructive on the grounds that it does precisely thatâ€it illuminates. On the off chance that I had not perused this book, I would have never taken in the narratives of these courag eous Americans and their families. It mentions to you what life in a mid twentieth century factory town was like.Bragg doesn’t stop at educational, be that as it may. He depicts the workers’ stories such that one gets joined to them. Bragg writes in such a persuasive and engaging way that before the finish of the book, one accepts that the individual really knows the plant laborers of Jacksonville, Alabama. One of the most stunning parts of this book, as I would like to think, is that the laborers living this disaster didn’t even understand that they were living one. It was only their life. They worked in such brutal working conditions and under such covetous managers, yet they didn’t take a gander at themselves with feel sorry for. They didn’t complain.They did what they needed to do to help their family and to get by. Another serious piece of the book for me was perusing Charlie Hardy’s story. Charlie lost his arm to a machine and by resul t needed to abandon his ability of guitar playing. Since I am a performer myself, I can scarcely envision what it might feel want to be informed that I could always be unable to play the guitar once more. Rick Bragg’s The Most They Ever Had is stunning book of victory over battle. The plant laborers of Jacksonville, Alabama gave life and appendage to accommodate their family and never surrendered trust that some time or another things would get better.They never abandoned their families that relied upon that check. The Most They Ever Had shows that things in life don’t consistently come simple and that we should buckle down for the things in life we love most. I strongly prescribe this book to anybody that prefers a decent triumph story in light of the fact that that’s what this story comes down to. It’s the account of how the laborers of the Profile cotton factory attempting to defeated the battles of regular day to day existence in the material plant of Jacksonville, Alabama. Works Cited: Bragg, Rick. the most they at any point had. San Fransisco: MacAdam/Cage, 2009. Print.

MBA Audio Forte, Haas, and EMBA programs.

There is no shortage of MBA admissions information, or media for presenting that data. Here are a few excellent podcasts I have come across in the last several weeks: GMAT Not Required?: Which B. Schools Are Removing the GMAT Requirement from Admissions Criteria? discusses EMBA programs and the pros and cons of requiring the GMAT for this applicant pool. Some say it maintains the credibility and rigor of their EMBA programs (Wharton and McCombs); others, like Kellogg, Chicago GSB, Ross, Anderson and Cornells Johnson School, say it doesnt predict participant success in the program for this more professionally advanced group of students and therefore dont require it. A third group requires it for some EMBA programs and not all (UNC, Duke Fuqua), and a fourth requires it but will grant a waiver for those who are technical degree holders or those with extensive professional experience (NYU, Emory). Forte Podcasts: The MBA Value Proposition. In Fortes last podcast in a series of three Julie DeWitt, Manager of Business Recruiting at Eli Lilly and Co.; Mira Graetz-Ball, Managing Director at MetLife, and Katherine Bair Desmond, Manager of Recruiting for North America at McKinsey discuss why they recruit MBAs, the importance of diversity in their respective industries, and advice they would offer to MBA wannabes. Although the program is geared to women, it is beneficial for both genders. Haas Healthcare Management Programs. Kristi Raube, Executive Director, Graduate Program in Health Management, provides information on the MBA/MPH program and compares it to the Haas Certificate in Health Management within the MBA program. She does an excellent job of laying out the relative strengths of the two approaches, the curriculum of each one, and the job opportunities available to graduates of both. It is a succinct, informative podcast recommended if you are interested in a career in bio-industry or healthcare management.

Ancient China Is Surrounded by Gobi Desert - 4088 Words

GEOGRAPHY China is located in East Asia. Ancient China is surrounded by Gobi Desert in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Himalayan Mountains in the southwest, and the Taklimakan desert in the west. This land has a wide variation of animals because of the different habitats provided for them. Most farming was done in the very fertile lands of the Yangtze valley. Present China is much bigger than Ancient China, which means that over time, the kings and different dynasties went gaining more and more land and wealth. All of the major rivers go in a western to eastern direction, and end up in the Pacific Ocean. The two major rivers of China are the Yangtze and the Huan He. The major river of North China is the Huang He, or†¦show more content†¦RELIGION The three most important religious beliefs in China were Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. These people believed in many gods, making them polytheistic. Their gods were natural gods, river god, earth god, rain godÂ…The most powerful was the sky god, Tien, the king of all gods. Confucianism isnt really a religion; it is just the thoughts of this man and his disciples, concerned with the principles of good conduct, practical knowledge, and proper social relationships. Confucianism is a philosophy. Although he is a very important person in Chinese history, it still doesnt make it a religion, because he was never a god. Confucius was born in 551BC, and died in 479 BC; he lived during the Zhou dynasty. His father was a noble, but he died when Confucius was only a few years old. He grew as a poor person. When he was a teenager, he became very interested in learning. In those days, only the high-class people like nobles and kings were allowed and education, so it was hard for h im to get one. So he went to work for a nobleman, and he learned much from him and he followed him everywhere, and that granted him a chance go to the capital. He studied a lot, he probably became the most intelligent and studied man at the time. He became known, and people sent their children to learn with him, and he was willing to teach anyone who wanted to learn. According to Confucius, Confucianism is not a religion, it is a wayShow MoreRelatedThe Historical Moment And Legend s Impact On Buddhist Religion894 Words   |  4 Pagesof culture among the nations of Asia. Xuanzang traveled the Silk Road which is one of the largest trade routes in the ancient world. On his long voyage that lasted him sixteen years he introduced religion, ideas, and culture that linked China to the rest of the Kingdoms of the west. Xuanzang is considered a historical moment and legend who s impact on Buddhist religion in China has changed their religious customs providing manuscripts, Sanskrit tex t, and relics. In Xuanzang early life he was guidedRead More Geography’s Impact on Culture and Society Essays1984 Words   |  8 PagesGeography’s Impact on Culture and Society When studying ancient civilizations and the beginning societies in the world, the geography has shaped its story significantly. Depending on the location of the civilization society, whether or not water was nearby was crucial for its survival. With trade networks, metals, foods, and languages were spread. Weapons were able to be formed from these metals which led to a stronger military. Mountain ranges formed the boundaries of civilizations. GeographyRead MoreRiver Dynasties in China3135 Words   |  13 PagesPage 1 of 6 4 River Dynasties in China MAIN IDEA POWER AND AUTHORITY The early rulers introduced ideas about government and society that shaped Chinese civilization. WHY IT MATTERS NOW The culture that took root during ancient times still affects Chinese ways of life today. TERMS NAMES †¢ loess †¢ oracle bone †¢ Mandate of Heaven †¢ dynastic cycle †¢ feudalism SETTING THE STAGE The walls of China’s first cities were built 4,000 years ago. This was at least a thousand years afterRead More History of Ancient China Essay3939 Words   |  16 PagesHistory of Ancient China China is located in East Asia. Ancient China is surrounded by Gobi Desert in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Himalayan Mountains in the southwest, and the Taklimakan desert in the west. This land has a wide variation of animals because of the different habitats provided for them. Most farming was done in the very fertile lands of the Yangtze valley. Present China is much bigger than Ancient China, which means that over time, the kings and different dynasties

Notions of Selflessness in Sartrean Existentialism and...

Notions of Selflessness in Sartrean Existentialism and Theravadin Buddhism ABSTRACT: In this essay I examine the relationship between Sartres phenomenological description of the self as expressed in his early work (especially Being and Nothingness) and elements to be found in some approaches to Buddhism. The vast enormity of this task will be obvious to anyone who is aware of the numerous schools and traditions through which the religion of Buddhism has manifested itself. In order to be brief, I have decided to select specific aspects of what is commonly called the Theravadin tradition as being representative of Buddhist philosophy. By choosing to look primarily at the Theravadin tradition, I am by necessity ignoring a vast number†¦show more content†¦Secondly, Buddhism is a religion of many sects which differ from each other in various manners. By choosing to look primarily at the Theravadin tradition, I am by necessity ignoring the viewpoints of a vast number of schools which are considered Buddhist in nature. In my view, the Theravadin sect pres ents a consistent Buddhist philosophy which is representative of many of the major trends within Buddhism. Sartres method for explaining his position on the self is the phenomenological one, utilized before him by Husserl and Heidegger. Phenomenology may be defined as the descriptive analysis of subjective processes. It differs from psychology in that while psychology sets up causal or genetic laws to explain subjective processes, phenomenology merely describes. Sartre points out the intentionality of consciousness (a process earlier described by Husserl and Brentano). Consciousness is always consciousness of something. For Sartre, there exist non-conscious beings independent and external to consciousness. This realm of non-conscious beings is referred to by Sartre as thein-itself while consciousness is referred to as the for-itself. The in-itself appears to consciousness and is the object of consciousness, but is transcendent in the sense that it is external to consciousness. Consciousness is not only

Animals are happier in zoos free essay sample

Animals are happier in zoos then in the wild. This truth about animals eludes the public, and consequently, has caused society to develop a negative attitude towards wild life in captivity. First, animals lack the freedom of time, space, and personal relations in the wild. Second, they crave routine, which can easily be provided in a captive environment with well-trained staff. Third, animals are very territorial. They will live with the mindset, â€Å"there is no place like home†, and thus, will ultimately love the habitat provided for them. The fog draped over people regarding animals living in zoos will be lifted through the analysis of these three examples. Many people have an image that wild animals are â€Å"happy, and â€Å"free†. However, contrary to popular belief, an animal in the wild leads a life of compulsion and necessity. In addition, they live in an environment where the supply of fear is high, the supply of food is low, and in a world where territory must constantly be defended. We will write a custom essay sample on Animals are happier in zoos or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is no meaningful freedom in this context, thus, animals in the wild are neither free in time, space, or personal relations. Truthfully, animals are creatures of habit, and are obsessive in many ways. They get set in their ways, and despise anything out of their ordinary structured lives. In their natural environment, they stick to the same routine season after season. This is no different than an animal kept in captivity. For example, in a zoo, if an animal is not in its normal place, in its regular posture, at the usual hour, it means something. The reason for such an event could be something as simple as a puddle, left from a previous night of rain that interferes with the animal’s ability to be where it wants to be. These routines and behaviors can easily be monitored and dealt with by zoo staff that knows exactly what they are doing. There are an exorbitant amount of people who also imagine that animals simply get up, leave their homes, and explore the wild, ignoring all social conventions and boundaries attributed to their species. However, this is an event less likely to occur than one where a person of sound mind, one day decided he was going to roam the earth alone, with nothing but the clothes on his back, and the spare change in his pocket. Animals are very territorial. They become accustomed to their surroundings, and without a shadow of a doubt, truly believe, â€Å"there is no place like home†. For example, Leopards are capable of jumping 18ft in the air. Leopards kept at a zoo in Pondicherry India, lived contently, and happily in captivity with fences 16ft high. The key to creating this mind set in a zoo is to know the personalities of each species, and to understand how they operate within their natural habitat. If this is done properly, animals will be satisfied, they will be able to relax, and we will all have the opportunity to sit back and have a look at one another. The reality about animals living in captivity is far from what society has been led to believe. The three examples above analyze first, that animals lack freedom in the wilderness. Second, that animals rely on routine. Last, animals are very territorial, concluding, that animals are happier in zoos then in the wild.

Real Eyes Realize Real Lies Essay Example

Real Eyes Realize Real Lies Essay Everything is not always what it seems. Such a cliche holds especially true in Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, where a young prince sets out to uncover the truth behind his father’s death. Along the way, Hamlet discovers the deceiving facades characters put up to hide their true opinions and actions. The Denmark kingdom, which appears to be in good health, is, in reality, decaying from the inside out from all the fabrications composed within its walls. While Hamlet is on his search for the truth he not only gets caught up in the lies which impede him from taking action, but he also must himself turn to trickery and act mad to fool everyone else, as well as realize that the more sense one tries to find in people the less is actually distinguishable. Prior to the play’s opening, King Hamlet was found to be dead in his garden. The kingdom writes it off as a natural cause, but when the King’s ghost pays a visit to Hamlet he reveals the unnatural, twisted ploy which was his murder, saying, â€Å"Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole, with juice of cursed hebona in a vial, and in the porches of my ears did pour the leprous distilment† (Act 1 Scene 5). With this revelation of treachery Hamlet is obligated to expose the true events which took place and avenge his beloved father’s death. We will write a custom essay sample on Real Eyes Realize Real Lies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Real Eyes Realize Real Lies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Real Eyes Realize Real Lies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, while Hamlet is ready to rid the kingdom of its weeds, he still isn’t completely convinced of his uncle’s guilt and must devise a plan to know the truth within the web of lies he now sees in the kingdom, claiming that â€Å"the play’s the thing wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the king† (Act 2 Scene 2). Because of his skepticism of the ghost’s claims, Hamlet is barred from taking any quick action, which is ultimately his biggest downfall. He doesn’t trust the ghost, criticizing that â€Å"the spirit that [he has] seen may be a devil† (Act 2 Scene 2). His doubt draws out his resolute and allows the new king, his uncle, to counterattack, proving a fatal end to the whole kingdom. Hamlet knows not â€Å"seems†, he behaves with his feelings exposed for the world to see, telling his mother that â€Å"Nay, it IS† (Act 1 Scene 2), but when he discovers the filth festering itself within his own family he too must resort to taking on a different appearance than what reality holds. To catch the king in his guilt Hamlet must himself cloak his intentions with a cover of madness as to not let anyone suspect the knowledge he now possesses of his uncle. He tells his friends that â€Å"how strange or odd some’er [he] bears [himself] that [they] at such times seeing [him], never shall†¦note that [they] know aught of [him]† (Act 1 Scene 5). He himself then adds to the falsehood spreading within the kingdom, he appears to have gone crazy over his father’s death, but in all reality this mask he puts on is to suppress the truth he holds. Others are suspicious of Hamlet’s actions, deeming that â€Å"though this be madness, yet there is method in’t† (Act 2 Scene 2) and from their suspicion arises a fear that backfires onto Hamlet’s plan; he acts crazy but through his madness the king delves into the reasoning behind it, claiming â€Å"there’s something in his soul o’er which his melancholy sits on brood, and I do doubt the hatch and the disclose will be some danger† (Act 3 Scene 1). His facade of what is actually going on, as well as King Claudius’, muddies the water and doesn’t enable anyone to see the aims of others, hindering the accuracy of the actions they take against one another. Moreover, Hamlet does not appear to go mad only after his father, but also over the loss of affection from his love, Ophelia. To his family, as well as hers, his admiration for the fair Ophelia shows that his intent is to woo her and seduce her, which he very well may have already. But when he learns of her death the appearance that everyone saw of his manners towards her were actually genuine and he had loved her truly, exclaiming that â€Å"forty thousand brothers could not with all their quantity of love make up [his] sum† (Act 5 Scene 1). It is because of the prior appearance of immoral ends which Ophelia’s father and brother witnessed and took to be reality, where they instructed her to ignore Hamlet. This rejection of him, which led to her own rejection in turn, coupled with her father’s death, carves the path to her suicide and Hamlet’s motivation to finish the King once and for all at the fencing match. Yet another deceit in Hamlet’s course to justice is the obstacles that block his way to killing Claudius when he finally sees the truth with his own eyes. Hamlet steals into Claudius’ room and plans to slay him, but discovers the King allegedly repenting for his sins. He backs out of his plan of action as to not let the King go to heaven, but when he leaves it is revealed to the audience that the King’s appearance of asking God for forgiveness was all fake, saying â€Å"my words fly up, my thoughts remain below. Words without thoughts never to heaven go† (Act 3 Scene 4), he did not go through with it and could very well have been killed by Hamlet if Hamlet had known the truth. Instead Hamlet chooses to further delay his action because killing the king in rayer would be â€Å"hire and salary, not revenge† (Act 3 Scene 3). Hamlet has lost his chance to do away with the King because of the concealments that stood in the way; and it is not until his dual with Laertes that Hamlet can end the nightmare he lives in, although it is now too late. He has lost everything he has loved; his father, Ophelia, his mother, e ven himself. As his life fades he finally attains the courage to put aside what appears to be and what really is and focus solely on committing the endeavor he was duty-driven to carry out. Deceit and waiting for the truth to appear and be deciphered is the greatest downfall of the Denmark kingdom. Hamlet keeps waiting for all the pieces to fall into place so that he may execute his plan to avenge his father, but as time drags on it becomes apparent that, with so many lies circulating, the truth is fogged and will never be untangled in time. While Hamlet is trying to get to the bottom of things he misses out on the fact that others are taking action with the facts they have, not the absolute truth. His unwillingness to act quickly without the truth in place, instead waiting for the cloudiness to settle, is the demise of himself and his father’s kingdom, which was what he was trying to protect and bring back to health all along. He fails this single task, taking the lives of all of his family and surrendering the throne to Norway, all because he kept searching in vain for the realities. But realities are constantly changing and keep on taking deceiving appearances all around him, so his story remains as a tragic tale of how fraudulences can tear not only a kingdom but also a family apart.

SADDAM HUSSEIN essays

SADDAM HUSSEIN essays many 20th century dictators used a form of totalitarianism to rise and maintain power. totalitarianism describes a government that takes total, centralized state control over every aspect of public and private life ( pattern of interactions) totalitarian leaders, such as saddam Hussein practiced the totalitarian system of government in order to maintain control. their are many elements of totalitarianism, all in which he followed. the Iraqi president saddam Hussein born to a poor Sunni Arab family on April 28, 1937 in Tirkit, Iraq. his father died shortly after his birth, largely neglected and abused by his stepfather saddam sought to take control of his life at an early age ( Bio: Encyclopedia Volume 3) denied permission of his education, saddam ran away to his maternal uncle, who was a retired army officer and advocate of Arab nationalism ( villains and Out laws). this attracted him to the military service as a career. extremely interested in politics and impressed with the nationalism that swept Iraq. saddam decided to move to Baghdad in 1956. In 1957 saddam joined Bath Arab socialist party, a radical Arab nationalist organization opposed to the government. when Iraqi dictator general Abd al Karim Kasseem, was president, saddam was a member of the Bath team assigned to assassinate him ( volume 3). the attempt failed and saddam and other people ran away to exile. he reached Egypt, where he met up with a number of other exiled Iraqis after five years in exile, saddam returned to Iraq where the Bath party had just seized power. while in Bath party saddam was always going in and out of prison. the new regime was quickly overthrown and Hussein was arrested and imprisoned. he later escaped in 1966. Hussein successfully had the Bath party in control of the country in 1968 by helping to lead a revolution. In this act he became vice president of the revolutionary command council ( volume 3...

School issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

School issues - Essay Example Racism is defined by Random House Dictionary as â€Å"a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that ones own race is superior and has the right to rule others.† In schools in the United States, racism has been a long pervading issue affecting the educational system. There are ways and means of addressing school issues pertaining to racism. Concerned administrators, parents, and even students should all join hands to prevent racial prejudice. The first step in order to address any confounding issue, especially on racism, is to be aware of the type of prejudice applied to minorities. From among the eminent racial issues, the following exists: (1) the condescension and violence explicitly expressed toward minorities; (2) restrictions on minorities opportunity to succeed; (3) discriminatory behavior management plans in the classroom; (4) teachers’ differential expectations; (5) the unwillingness of students to discuss racial and linguistic differences due to the belief that problems around race cannot be changed. These are only a few from other issues that surround racism. I selected this issue because for me, I am aware that the abovementioned concerns can be addressed and solved if only there is acceptance to the fact that they, indeed, exist and that something can be done to prevent them. Teachers, as directly relating to the students, play a very important role in recognizing the types of prejudice being applied, initially and specifically, in their classrooms, and eventually, in the entire school as a whole. First and foremost, school administrators must have incorporated and integrated the issues of racism and diversity in culture in their teaching curricula. This would ensure that students are already made aware that teaching and learning programs are not biased and addresses their needs

Network Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Network Security - Research Paper Example These issues can be dangerous for personal information safety and privacy. Thus, network management procedures are used for the effective management of the network security aspects (Kaminsky, 2012; Cisco, 2000; Huang, MacCallum, & Du, 2010). In addition, network security encompasses a set of rules and actions that an organization or business adopt to secure its computer systems, and it is a major concern for every business that uses a computer network to carry out its business tasks. Hence, compromised network security risk clearly demonstrates that a business competitor or hacker can gain access to sensitive or critical data, probably resulting in total destruction of business or personal information or system or data loss. In this scenario, effective network security can be attained when a user has to face a number of security layers before being capable to get access to the desired business or any information network. Additionally, various researches show that the implementation o f more layers results in more secure network and working environment (Kaminsky, 2012; Cisco, 2000; Huang, MacCallum, & Du, 2010). This paper presents a detailed analysis of network security. This paper will outline some of the major issues regarding internal and external security breaches of a corporate. This paper will also outline the actions and suggestions that should be taken into consideration in order to address these security issues. 2 Main Risks With the passage of time, the trend of adopting new technologies is growing rapidly. Additionally, the computer networks play a significant role in our lives as they are used everywhere. In fact, we regularly use the Internet to carry out our daily tasks. On the other hand, these networks also create various security risks. In addition, network security issues are everywhere whether it is a computer being utilized in a big business/organization or it is a personal computer. In order to ensure network security every computer requires to be protected from the computer network dangers and security fears. Every time we use the new computer system we face some sort of security risks and danger like exposing personal information, credit card theft, identity theft, hacking, data leakage, virus attacks, DoS attacks, and data corruption. In addition, there are also certain other security threats such as various virus attacks and a number of other security problems (Zhang, Xiao, Chen, Zhang, & Deng, 2012; Joshi, 2008; Network Security Threats, 2012). Moreover, in order to determine network security issues a research study was conducted by the event management and security information supplier netForensics, which revealed that more than 80 percent of IT managers anticipate network-borne dangers, which have augmented all through the year 2010 and 2011, and more than 85 percent of IT managers are seeing their corporate network security environment turning out to be more and much harder and complex (Cisco, 2000; Schwartz, 2 010). 3 Internal and External Security Breaches This section outlines some of the major

Information Technology Management Essay Example for Free

Information Technology Management Essay Information and communication technologies play critical roles in sustaining an organizations growth and profitability (Galliers Leidner, 2003). If managed properly, investments in information and communication technologies can improve efficiency and effectiveness of business processes and an organization’s competitive posture in the market. Proper management of information and communication technologies investments can also enrich people’s lives in the organization improving job satisfaction and productivity. Galliers Leidner, 2003). Success in managing information and communication investments depend largely on exercising good management practices like human capital management, staff training management, information technology architecture management and software management (Galliers Leidner, 2003). However, with all the potential benefits of investments in information and communication projects, they can be risky, costly and unproductive if not managed properly (Galliers Leidner, 2003). Organizations should therefore strive to attract and retain information technology personnel that are qualified and talented to ensure the success of information and technology investments. This is further complicated by a tight information and technology labor market where qualified information and technology personnel enjoy high mobility. Discussion The position I am required to design is a leadership position intended to provide technical direction and guide an organization in implementing strategic information and communication projects (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2010). The occupant of this position is expected to be able to handle a wide range of duties and responsibilities. He or she should be able to use his/ her exposure, technical experience and business knowledge in developing an organization’s technical plans and to advise senior management on information technology strategies, standards and governance (Galliers Leidner, 2003). In addition he or she will be expected to monitor the industry’s trends in information technology and respond appropriately by formulating long term information technology strategies capable of improving an organization’s competitiveness. The senior information technology manager will work under the general supervision of the chief executive officer. In line with work plans and resource allocation coordination provided by the chief executive officer, he or she will be responsible for effective planning, supervision and delivery of assigned functions that fall within an information and communication department (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2010) so as to ensure that an organization’s requirements for information systems and information technology are effectively and efficiently met. He will also be responsibility for ensuring that an organization’s computer systems have the capacity to meet the business needs of an organization by either upgrading existing systems or developing new systems (Info Tech Employment, 2008). Additional functions will include participation in planning, coordinating and setting policies for the development and implementation of an organization’s information technology strategies, supporting standards, procedures and practices, supervising and coordinating works of external firms in special projects or functions to ensure quality and timely delivery, providing consultant services in regards to procurement of new information technology equipments and computer systems, supervising members of staff assigned to special projects or functions and coordinating their training and development to ensure that they are up to the tasks and finally, developing and monitoring key performance indicators of assigned functions within an information technology department (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2010). The senior information technology manager is expected to have an excellent working knowledge in information technology and a commitment to keep up to dat e with the latest development (Galliers Leidner, 2003). He should demonstrate people’s management skills with an ability to motivate staff members, provide a cooperative and productive work environment, manage resources effectively to achieve objectives, organize and coordinate work in the department and explain technical issues clearly (Info Tech Employment, 2008). He or she will be tasked with leading changes that fall within the information technology department, hence must be able to integrate organizational and departmental goals, priorities and values. In addition, he or she should have experience in managing large scale projects in information systems and technology (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2010). To fulfill these expectations, a university degree in computer science or related fields and appropriate professional certifications are mandatory. Moreover, the candidate of choice should have at least five years management experience in information technology. He should demonstrate experience with standard software applications and data manipulation, analysis and interpretation tools (Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2010). Conclusion Information technology investments can be very beneficial to an organization as a whole if they are managed properly. Organizations should therefore strive to hire and retain qualified, experienced and talented information technology managers. This is not easy given the current information technology labor market. The labor market is characterized by high mobility of qualified labor and organizations must put in place effective measures to ensure they hire the right people. One of the measures an organization should take is defining clear structures and responsibilities of all employees in the information technology department. The senior information technology manager will provide technical direction and guidance to the organization in implementing strategic information technology projects. He will be responsible for ensuring effective and efficient management of resources within the information technology department.

Beardless Children :: Arthurian Legends English Literature Essays

Beardless Children Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is considered to be one of the finest Arthurian romances in English. Unfortunately, the 14th-century author of the epic remains unknown. The poem describes a common game at the time the "Beheading Game," which turns out to be a great physical as well as moral challenge to the main character, Sir Gawain. The passage (130-202) of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight describes the appearance of a strange knight in King Arthur's court. The anonymous author of the epic describes the rider in great detail, emphasizing the importance of this character. The passage is intended to arouse readers' curiosity, and at the same time, to introduce the mighty danger that the main character, Sir Gawain, will have to face. Furthermore, the strange knight is shown to be a test or trial for King Arthur and his knights. Finally, the passage presents the actual dynamics of Arthur's court as incompatible with the poet's initial praising of nobility, justice and chivalric ideals. The Green Knight is clearly a magical figure. This strange rider is of green hue, and he is riding a green horse. Physically, the knight is presented as strong and of a great size: From broad neck to buttocks so bulky and thick, And his loins and his legs so long and so great, Half a giant on earth I hold him to be...(138 - 140). The author gives these characteristics to the character for a reason. Possibly, the author aims to arouse interest of the readers or to emphasize the danger that Sir Gawain is about to face. However, at this point of the story, the reader is unaware of the true identity of the Green Knight, which makes it more exciting to read the poem. The passage describes the great festivities in King Arthur's court during the celebration of Christmas. And already Arthur is portrayed behaving childishly, when he refuses to eat unless he hears an entertaining story: But Arthur would not eat till all were served; So light was his lordly heart, and a little boyish; And also a point of pride pricked him in heart, For he nobly had willed, he would never eat.

International Movie Revenues: Determinants and Impact of the Financial Crisis

Institute of Economic Studies Faculty of Social Sciences Charles University in Prague Empirical Project Assignment — Econometrics II Due on Friday, 13 January 2012, 11. 00 International movie revenues: determinants and impact of the financial crisis Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Table of Contents Abstract Keywords Introduction Literature survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data analysis variables used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . model 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . model 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Results model 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . model 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion References primary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . secondary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . data sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix Descriptive statistics for the dependent variables model 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residuals versus ? tted values plot . . . . . Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity . model 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residuals versus ? tted values plot . . . . . . Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity . The correlation matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 1 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Abstract This empirical project examines the determinants of international box o? ce revenues for movies produced in United States during 2006 – 2010. Our sample consists of 424 ? lms released in this period. We also test the hypothesis if the world ? nancial crisis had any signi? can t impact on the international box o? ce revenues. Keywords the ? ancial crisis, movie international box o? ce revenue, movies produced in the United States, budget, rating, Academy Awards, Introduction When choosing a topic of our empirical paper we were considering di? erent suggestions. As we both are pretty much interested in movies we ? nally decided to exit a viewer seat for a while and perform an empirical study on the movie industry. While being newcommers in sophisticated movie data analysis, we needed ? rst to get acquainted with important theoretical concepts and empirical papers concerning this topic. Literature survey When going down the history, [Litman, 1983] was the ? st who has attempted to predict the ? nancial success of ? lms. He has performed a multiple regression and found a clear evidence that various independent variables have a signi? cant and serious in? uence on the ? nal success of a movie. Litemans work has been gradually getting developed, [Faber & Oâ₠¬â„¢Guinn, 1984] tested the in? uence of ? lm advertising. They proved, that movie critics and word-of-mouth are less important then movie previews and excerpts when explaininng movie succes after going on public. [Eliashberg & Shugan, 1997] explored the impact of restricted-rating labeled movies on their box o? e performance. [Terry, Butler & De’Armond, 2004] analysed the determinants of movie video rental revenue, ? nding Academy Award nominations as the dominant factor. [King, 2007] followed their research and used U. S. movie data to ? nd the connection between the criticism and box o? ce earnings†¦ Many other authors has extended the initial work of [Litman, 1983], but none of them has focused on the key factors of the international box o? ce revenues as we planned to. So we ? nally decided to use [Terry, Cooley & Zachary, 2010] as our primary source. Their object of interest is very much similar to our resarch.Therefore we studied their metodology the most and we u se their results in the analytical part as a primary resource of comparison. Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 2 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Data We got quickly stucked realising that the strong majority of movie data on the internet are not free available. It was quite a surprise because there are many movie-oriented sites with seemingly endless data access. But when there is a need of more profound, well structured and complete set of random data everything gets little bit tricky.After hours of searching, we luckily got to a 30 days free access to this kind of databases [opusdata. com] and got the core data for our analysis. Then we wanted to add some interesting or usefull variables just as the movie rating or the number of AcademyAwards to complete our dataset. It has been done using well known and free accessed databases [imdb. com], [numbers. com] and [boxo? cemojo. com]. Thanks to our literature survey we discovered a model which we have thought would be interesting to test on di? erent or new data. The most interesting would be to test it on our domestic data but these are quite di? ult to obtain (as explained before). Anyway, it would be possible to get data for the highest grossing ? lms but that would violate the assumption of random sample. Therefore we decided to use data from U. S. and Canada which we considered the most likely to obtain. We also wanted to test whether the ? nancial crisis have had an impact on movie box o? ce revenues and whether the world ? nancial crisis made people less likely to go to the cinema. Model We considered several models and in the end we used two models. The ? rst one is just the same as the one used in paper [Terry, Cooley & Zachary, 2010], but it is slightly modi? d by using di? erent data plus setting the crisis variable. We considered it as a dummy variable, which was 1 if the movie was released during crisis (2008-2009), otherwise it is equal to zer o. As it was proposed before, this model has been used as a comparison to the original model [Terry, Cooley & Zachary, 2010] wihle we wanted to test whether their inference holds up with slightly di? erent and newer data. In the second model we tried to use a slightly di? erent approach. We used a time series model with year dummies and we also used all the variables which we obtained and were statistically signi? ant. Our ? rst model is basic linear regression with cross-sectional data. Our data are a random sample thanks to [opusdata. com] query which was capable of selecting a random sample of movies. We have tested all the variables for multicollinearity with the correlation matrix and there is no proof for multicollinearity in our used variables. The only high collinearity is between domestic and budget variables, which is about 0. 75. After running the regressions we have used the Breusch-Pagan test for heteroscedasticity and the chi squared was really high therefore showing s igns of strong heteroscedasticity.Even after looking at the graph of residuals against ? tted values it was clear that the heteroscedasticity is present. Therefore we had to run the regressions with the heteroscedasticity robust errors. We therefore tested in both models for presence of these: †¢ the variables which have an impact on movie international box revenues †¢ any signi? cant impact of ? nancial crisis on these revenues Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 3 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Data analysis Here we list all the used variables in both models and their a description. ariables used academy awards . . . . . . . . . number of Academy Awards a ? lm earned action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . categorical variable for movies in action genre animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . categorical variable for movies in animation production method budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the estimated pr oduction and promotion cost of a movie comedy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . categorical variable for movies in comedy genre crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dummy variable for movies released during crisis domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . omestic box o? ce earnings horror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . categorical variable for movies in horror genre international . . . . . . . . . . . . international box o? ce earnings kids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . categorical variable for movies for children rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . average user rating from the [imdb. com] source ratingR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is a categorical variable for movies with a restricted rating romantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . categorical variable for movies in romantic genre sequel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . categorical variable for movies derived from a previously released ? lm y06 ? y10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dummy vari able for movies released in a year The list of variables is followed by both model equations and reggression table comparism, while model 1 and model 2 mean the original [Terry, Cooley & Zachary, 2010] model and our new model respectivelly. model 1 international = ? 0 + ? 1 domestic + ? 2 action + ? 3 kids + ? 4 ratingR+ + ? 5 sequel + ? 6 rating + ? 7 academy awards + ? 8 budget + ? 9 crisis model 2 international = + + ? 0 + ? 1 academy awards + ? 2 budget + ? 3 domestic + ? 4 sequel + ? horror + ? 6 romantic + ? 7 comedy + ? 8 action + ? 9 ratingR + ? 10 animation + ? 11 y06 + ? 12 y07 + ? 13 y08 + ? 14 y09 Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 4 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Table 1: Model comparison model 1 domestic action kids rating R sequel rating academy awards budget crisis horror romantic comedy animation y 06 y 07 y 08 y 09 Constant Observations t statistics in parentheses ? model 2 1. 025 (13. 31) -18. 56? (-2. 29) 1 . 028 (12. 70) -13. 43 (-1. 79) 48. 33? (2. 10) 5. 922 (1. 52) 26. 91? (2. 06) 0. 309 (1. 42) 6. 978? (2. 33) 0. 68 (5. 48) -5. 320 (-1. 01) 9. 259? (2. 36) 28. 74? (2. 16) 7. 097 (2. 59) 0. 508 (4. 73) -9. 867? (-2. 23) 13. 41 (1. 79) -17. 77 (-3. 31) 52. 02 (2. 87) -7. 962 (-1. 24) 1. 182 (0. 17) -6. 748 (-1. 01) -11. 79 (-1. 30) -43. 25 (-3. 05) 424 -15. 11? (-2. 41) 424 p < 0. 05, p < 0. 01, p < 0. 001 Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 5 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Results model 1 After running the ? rst regression we get quite similar results as [Terry, Cooley & Zachary, 2010], so their inference holds up even under our data.The similar results we get are that one dollar in revenues in US makes $1. 02 in international revenues, therefore succesful movie in US is likely to be similarly succesful in international theatres, if movie is a sequel it adds to revenues about $26 mil. , every academy award adds about $7 mil. and every additional dollar spent on budget adds about $0. 57 so there is about 57% return on budget. We also have similarly insigni? cant variables which are whether is movie rated as restricted and how great or poorly is movie rated by critics or other people.That means that international audience is not in? uenced by age restrictions and critical movie ratings. When we look at our and theirs results regarding the genres then we get quite di? erent results. They say that when a movie is of an action genre then it adds about $26 mil. whereas we obtained results that revenues for an action movie should be lower about $13 mil. and our result for children movies is two times larger and it says that a children movie should make about $48 mil. more. It could be explained that movie genre preferences shifted in the last two years.But more likely explanation is the di? erence in our data in labeling the movies. In our data we have had more detailed labeling and movies which they had labe led as action movies, we had labeled adventure movies etc. Therefore the strictly action movie genre is not so probable to make money as it would seem. Action movies are usually of low quality and many of them could be labeled as B-movies which usually are not very likely to have high revenues. The children movies could be getting more popular and taking children to the movies could be getting more usual thing.Our last and new variable is the crisis dummy which is not signi? cant and therefore we have no proof that the ? nancial crisis had any e? ect on movie revenues. Our model has quite high R2 which is about 0. 83, that is even higher then [Terry, Cooley & Zachary, 2010] have. But the main reason behind this high R2 is that most of the variation in data is explained by US revenues. If we regress international revenues on domestic alone we still get high R2 which is about 0. 59. model 2 In our time series model we get quite similar results as in the ? rst one. We have there ? e ne w variables which are genres comedy, romantic and horror, animation dummy, which tells us whether the movie is animated or not and year dummies. Our model implies that when a movie is a comedy it will make about $17 mil. less in revenues, when horror about $10 mil. less, when romantic about $13 mil. more and when animated it will add about $52 mil to its revenues. The restricted rating is now also statistically signi? cant and it should add to the revenues about $9 mil. which is quite unexpected. Y ear dummies are statistically non-signi? cant and even when we test them for joint signi? ance they are jointly non-signi? cant. Therefore even in this model there appears no reason to believe that the ? nancial crisis or even year makes di? erence in the movie revenues. Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 6 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Conclusion The inferences from our models are quite like we expected. We expected that people ar e more likely to go to cinema to see movies that had won academy awards, that were succesful in U. S. theatres and that are some kind of sequel to previous succesful movies. The resulting e? cts of di? erent movie genres could be quite puzzling but these e? ects depend highly on quality of the movies released these years and on the mood and taste of current society. If we had had larger sample with data from many years then it is possible that we would have seen trends in the di? erent movie genres. The insigni? cance of the ? nancial crisis on movie revenues was also likely because the severity of the crisis and impact on regular citizen has not been so large that it would in? uence his attendence of movie theatres. Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 7 of 14International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Reference primary [Terry, Cooley & Zachary, 2010] Terry, Neil, John W. Cooley, & Miles Zachary (2010). The Determinants of Foreign Box O? ce Reven ue for English Language Movies. Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, 2 (1), 117-127. secondary [Eliashberg & Shugan, 1997] Eliashberg, Jehoshua & Steven M. Shugan (1997). Film Critics: In? uencers or Predictors? Journal of Marketing, 61, 68-78. [Faber & O’Guinn, 1984] Faber, Ronald & Thomas O’Guinn (1984). E? ect of Media Advertising and Other Sources on Movie Selection.Journalism Quarterly, 61 (summer), 371-377. [King, 2007] King, Timothy (2007). Does ? lm criticism a? ect box o? ce earnings? Evidence from movies released in the U. S. in 2003. Journal of Cultural Economics, 31, 171-186. [Litman, 1983] Litman, Barry R. (1983). Predicting Success of Theatrical Movies: An Empirical Study. Journal of Popular Culture, 16 (spring), 159-175. [Ravid, 1999] Ravid, S. Abraham (1999). Information, Blockbusters, and Stars: A Study of the Film Industry. Journal of Business, 72 (4), 463-492. [Terry, Butler & De’Armond, 2004] Terry, Neil, Michael Butler & D e’Arno De’Armond (2004).The Economic Impact of Movie Critics on Box O? ce Performance. Academy of Marketing Studies Journal, 8 (1), page 61-73. data sources [opusdata. com] Opus data – movie data through a query interface. 30-days free trial. http://www. opusdata. com/ [imdb. com] The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). The biggest, best, most award-winning movie site on the planet. http://www. imdb. com [numbers. com] The numbers. Box o? ce data, movies stars, idle speculation. http://www. the-numbers. com [boxo? cemojo. com] Box o? ce mojo. Movie web site with the most comprehensive box o? ce database on the Internet. ttp://www. boxofficemojo. com Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 8 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Appendix Descriptive statistics for the dependent variables Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 9 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis model 1 Regr ession of the original model published in [Terry, Cooley & Zachary, 2010] Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 10 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Residuals versus ? tted values plotBreusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 11 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis model 2 Regression of our model Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 12 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Residuals versus ? tted values plot Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 13 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis The correlation matrix Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 14 of 14 International Movie Revenues: Determinants and Impact of the Financial Crisis Institute of Economic Studies Faculty of Social Sciences Charles University in Prague Empirical Project Assignment — Econometrics II Due on Friday, 13 January 2012, 11. 00 International movie revenues: determinants and impact of the financial crisis Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Table of Contents Abstract Keywords Introduction Literature survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data analysis variables used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . model 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . model 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Results model 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . model 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion References primary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . secondary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . data sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix Descriptive statistics for the dependent variables model 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residuals versus ? tted values plot . . . . . Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity . model 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Residuals versus ? tted values plot . . . . . . Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity . The correlation matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 1 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Abstract This empirical project examines the determinants of international box o? ce revenues for movies produced in United States during 2006 – 2010. Our sample consists of 424 ? lms released in this period. We also test the hypothesis if the world ? nancial crisis had any signi? can t impact on the international box o? ce revenues. Keywords the ? ancial crisis, movie international box o? ce revenue, movies produced in the United States, budget, rating, Academy Awards, Introduction When choosing a topic of our empirical paper we were considering di? erent suggestions. As we both are pretty much interested in movies we ? nally decided to exit a viewer seat for a while and perform an empirical study on the movie industry. While being newcommers in sophisticated movie data analysis, we needed ? rst to get acquainted with important theoretical concepts and empirical papers concerning this topic. Literature survey When going down the history, [Litman, 1983] was the ? st who has attempted to predict the ? nancial success of ? lms. He has performed a multiple regression and found a clear evidence that various independent variables have a signi? cant and serious in? uence on the ? nal success of a movie. Litemans work has been gradually getting developed, [Faber & Oâ₠¬â„¢Guinn, 1984] tested the in? uence of ? lm advertising. They proved, that movie critics and word-of-mouth are less important then movie previews and excerpts when explaininng movie succes after going on public. [Eliashberg & Shugan, 1997] explored the impact of restricted-rating labeled movies on their box o? e performance. [Terry, Butler & De’Armond, 2004] analysed the determinants of movie video rental revenue, ? nding Academy Award nominations as the dominant factor. [King, 2007] followed their research and used U. S. movie data to ? nd the connection between the criticism and box o? ce earnings†¦ Many other authors has extended the initial work of [Litman, 1983], but none of them has focused on the key factors of the international box o? ce revenues as we planned to. So we ? nally decided to use [Terry, Cooley & Zachary, 2010] as our primary source. Their object of interest is very much similar to our resarch.Therefore we studied their metodology the most and we u se their results in the analytical part as a primary resource of comparison. Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 2 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Data We got quickly stucked realising that the strong majority of movie data on the internet are not free available. It was quite a surprise because there are many movie-oriented sites with seemingly endless data access. But when there is a need of more profound, well structured and complete set of random data everything gets little bit tricky.After hours of searching, we luckily got to a 30 days free access to this kind of databases [opusdata. com] and got the core data for our analysis. Then we wanted to add some interesting or usefull variables just as the movie rating or the number of AcademyAwards to complete our dataset. It has been done using well known and free accessed databases [imdb. com], [numbers. com] and [boxo? cemojo. com]. Thanks to our literature survey we discovered a model which we have thought would be interesting to test on di? erent or new data. The most interesting would be to test it on our domestic data but these are quite di? ult to obtain (as explained before). Anyway, it would be possible to get data for the highest grossing ? lms but that would violate the assumption of random sample. Therefore we decided to use data from U. S. and Canada which we considered the most likely to obtain. We also wanted to test whether the ? nancial crisis have had an impact on movie box o? ce revenues and whether the world ? nancial crisis made people less likely to go to the cinema. Model We considered several models and in the end we used two models. The ? rst one is just the same as the one used in paper [Terry, Cooley & Zachary, 2010], but it is slightly modi? d by using di? erent data plus setting the crisis variable. We considered it as a dummy variable, which was 1 if the movie was released during crisis (2008-2009), otherwise it is equal to zer o. As it was proposed before, this model has been used as a comparison to the original model [Terry, Cooley & Zachary, 2010] wihle we wanted to test whether their inference holds up with slightly di? erent and newer data. In the second model we tried to use a slightly di? erent approach. We used a time series model with year dummies and we also used all the variables which we obtained and were statistically signi? ant. Our ? rst model is basic linear regression with cross-sectional data. Our data are a random sample thanks to [opusdata. com] query which was capable of selecting a random sample of movies. We have tested all the variables for multicollinearity with the correlation matrix and there is no proof for multicollinearity in our used variables. The only high collinearity is between domestic and budget variables, which is about 0. 75. After running the regressions we have used the Breusch-Pagan test for heteroscedasticity and the chi squared was really high therefore showing s igns of strong heteroscedasticity.Even after looking at the graph of residuals against ? tted values it was clear that the heteroscedasticity is present. Therefore we had to run the regressions with the heteroscedasticity robust errors. We therefore tested in both models for presence of these: †¢ the variables which have an impact on movie international box revenues †¢ any signi? cant impact of ? nancial crisis on these revenues Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 3 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Data analysis Here we list all the used variables in both models and their a description. ariables used academy awards . . . . . . . . . number of Academy Awards a ? lm earned action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . categorical variable for movies in action genre animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . categorical variable for movies in animation production method budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the estimated pr oduction and promotion cost of a movie comedy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . categorical variable for movies in comedy genre crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dummy variable for movies released during crisis domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . omestic box o? ce earnings horror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . categorical variable for movies in horror genre international . . . . . . . . . . . . international box o? ce earnings kids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . categorical variable for movies for children rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . average user rating from the [imdb. com] source ratingR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . is a categorical variable for movies with a restricted rating romantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . categorical variable for movies in romantic genre sequel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . categorical variable for movies derived from a previously released ? lm y06 ? y10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dummy vari able for movies released in a year The list of variables is followed by both model equations and reggression table comparism, while model 1 and model 2 mean the original [Terry, Cooley & Zachary, 2010] model and our new model respectivelly. model 1 international = ? 0 + ? 1 domestic + ? 2 action + ? 3 kids + ? 4 ratingR+ + ? 5 sequel + ? 6 rating + ? 7 academy awards + ? 8 budget + ? 9 crisis model 2 international = + + ? 0 + ? 1 academy awards + ? 2 budget + ? 3 domestic + ? 4 sequel + ? horror + ? 6 romantic + ? 7 comedy + ? 8 action + ? 9 ratingR + ? 10 animation + ? 11 y06 + ? 12 y07 + ? 13 y08 + ? 14 y09 Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 4 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Table 1: Model comparison model 1 domestic action kids rating R sequel rating academy awards budget crisis horror romantic comedy animation y 06 y 07 y 08 y 09 Constant Observations t statistics in parentheses ? model 2 1. 025 (13. 31) -18. 56? (-2. 29) 1 . 028 (12. 70) -13. 43 (-1. 79) 48. 33? (2. 10) 5. 922 (1. 52) 26. 91? (2. 06) 0. 309 (1. 42) 6. 978? (2. 33) 0. 68 (5. 48) -5. 320 (-1. 01) 9. 259? (2. 36) 28. 74? (2. 16) 7. 097 (2. 59) 0. 508 (4. 73) -9. 867? (-2. 23) 13. 41 (1. 79) -17. 77 (-3. 31) 52. 02 (2. 87) -7. 962 (-1. 24) 1. 182 (0. 17) -6. 748 (-1. 01) -11. 79 (-1. 30) -43. 25 (-3. 05) 424 -15. 11? (-2. 41) 424 p < 0. 05, p < 0. 01, p < 0. 001 Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 5 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Results model 1 After running the ? rst regression we get quite similar results as [Terry, Cooley & Zachary, 2010], so their inference holds up even under our data.The similar results we get are that one dollar in revenues in US makes $1. 02 in international revenues, therefore succesful movie in US is likely to be similarly succesful in international theatres, if movie is a sequel it adds to revenues about $26 mil. , every academy award adds about $7 mil. and every additional dollar spent on budget adds about $0. 57 so there is about 57% return on budget. We also have similarly insigni? cant variables which are whether is movie rated as restricted and how great or poorly is movie rated by critics or other people.That means that international audience is not in? uenced by age restrictions and critical movie ratings. When we look at our and theirs results regarding the genres then we get quite di? erent results. They say that when a movie is of an action genre then it adds about $26 mil. whereas we obtained results that revenues for an action movie should be lower about $13 mil. and our result for children movies is two times larger and it says that a children movie should make about $48 mil. more. It could be explained that movie genre preferences shifted in the last two years.But more likely explanation is the di? erence in our data in labeling the movies. In our data we have had more detailed labeling and movies which they had labe led as action movies, we had labeled adventure movies etc. Therefore the strictly action movie genre is not so probable to make money as it would seem. Action movies are usually of low quality and many of them could be labeled as B-movies which usually are not very likely to have high revenues. The children movies could be getting more popular and taking children to the movies could be getting more usual thing.Our last and new variable is the crisis dummy which is not signi? cant and therefore we have no proof that the ? nancial crisis had any e? ect on movie revenues. Our model has quite high R2 which is about 0. 83, that is even higher then [Terry, Cooley & Zachary, 2010] have. But the main reason behind this high R2 is that most of the variation in data is explained by US revenues. If we regress international revenues on domestic alone we still get high R2 which is about 0. 59. model 2 In our time series model we get quite similar results as in the ? rst one. We have there ? e ne w variables which are genres comedy, romantic and horror, animation dummy, which tells us whether the movie is animated or not and year dummies. Our model implies that when a movie is a comedy it will make about $17 mil. less in revenues, when horror about $10 mil. less, when romantic about $13 mil. more and when animated it will add about $52 mil to its revenues. The restricted rating is now also statistically signi? cant and it should add to the revenues about $9 mil. which is quite unexpected. Y ear dummies are statistically non-signi? cant and even when we test them for joint signi? ance they are jointly non-signi? cant. Therefore even in this model there appears no reason to believe that the ? nancial crisis or even year makes di? erence in the movie revenues. Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 6 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Conclusion The inferences from our models are quite like we expected. We expected that people ar e more likely to go to cinema to see movies that had won academy awards, that were succesful in U. S. theatres and that are some kind of sequel to previous succesful movies. The resulting e? cts of di? erent movie genres could be quite puzzling but these e? ects depend highly on quality of the movies released these years and on the mood and taste of current society. If we had had larger sample with data from many years then it is possible that we would have seen trends in the di? erent movie genres. The insigni? cance of the ? nancial crisis on movie revenues was also likely because the severity of the crisis and impact on regular citizen has not been so large that it would in? uence his attendence of movie theatres. Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 7 of 14International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Reference primary [Terry, Cooley & Zachary, 2010] Terry, Neil, John W. Cooley, & Miles Zachary (2010). The Determinants of Foreign Box O? ce Reven ue for English Language Movies. Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, 2 (1), 117-127. secondary [Eliashberg & Shugan, 1997] Eliashberg, Jehoshua & Steven M. Shugan (1997). Film Critics: In? uencers or Predictors? Journal of Marketing, 61, 68-78. [Faber & O’Guinn, 1984] Faber, Ronald & Thomas O’Guinn (1984). E? ect of Media Advertising and Other Sources on Movie Selection.Journalism Quarterly, 61 (summer), 371-377. [King, 2007] King, Timothy (2007). Does ? lm criticism a? ect box o? ce earnings? Evidence from movies released in the U. S. in 2003. Journal of Cultural Economics, 31, 171-186. [Litman, 1983] Litman, Barry R. (1983). Predicting Success of Theatrical Movies: An Empirical Study. Journal of Popular Culture, 16 (spring), 159-175. [Ravid, 1999] Ravid, S. Abraham (1999). Information, Blockbusters, and Stars: A Study of the Film Industry. Journal of Business, 72 (4), 463-492. [Terry, Butler & De’Armond, 2004] Terry, Neil, Michael Butler & D e’Arno De’Armond (2004).The Economic Impact of Movie Critics on Box O? ce Performance. Academy of Marketing Studies Journal, 8 (1), page 61-73. data sources [opusdata. com] Opus data – movie data through a query interface. 30-days free trial. http://www. opusdata. com/ [imdb. com] The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). The biggest, best, most award-winning movie site on the planet. http://www. imdb. com [numbers. com] The numbers. Box o? ce data, movies stars, idle speculation. http://www. the-numbers. com [boxo? cemojo. com] Box o? ce mojo. Movie web site with the most comprehensive box o? ce database on the Internet. ttp://www. boxofficemojo. com Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 8 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Appendix Descriptive statistics for the dependent variables Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 9 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis model 1 Regr ession of the original model published in [Terry, Cooley & Zachary, 2010] Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 10 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Residuals versus ? tted values plotBreusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 11 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis model 2 Regression of our model Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 12 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis Residuals versus ? tted values plot Breusch-Pagan test for heteroskedasticity Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 13 of 14 International movie revenues : Determinants and impact of the ? nancial crisis The correlation matrix Marek Kre? mer, Jan Mati? ka c c Page 14 of 14

The Armchair Economist Economics And Everyday Life

The Armchair Economist: Economics and Everyday Life Steven E. Landsburg Insightful yet humorous, that is how I perceived as I dig in much further into the book entitled â€Å"The Armchair economist: Economics and Everyday life† written by Steven E. Landsburg. The author is currently an economics professor at the University of Rochester. Aside from being an economics professor, he has also been writing a monthly column in Slate magazine entitled â€Å"Everyday Economics† for over ten years now. He is the author of Fair Play, The Big Questions and his most recent book More sex is safer sex. He also has written over 30 journal articles regarding economics, mathematics, and philosophy. The Armchair Economist have opened up tons of ideas which I would never thought can make such impact to my daily life. 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